1. Maemo a maholo: Indasteri ea likoloi tsa khoebo e holile ka 15%, 'me matla a macha le bohlale bo fetohile matla a nts'etsopele.
Ka 2023, indasteri ea likoloi tsa khoebo e ile ea putlama ka 2022 mme ea tobana le menyetla ea kholo ea ho hlaphoheloa.Ho latela lintlha tse tsoang ho Shangpu Consulting Group, kakaretso ea thekiso ea 'maraka oa likoloi tsa khoebo e lebelletsoe ho fihla ho li-unit tse limilione tse 3.96 ka 2023, keketseho ea selemo le selemo ea 20%, e tšoaeang sekhahla se phahameng ka ho fetisisa sa kholo hoo e ka bang lilemo tse leshome.Kholo ena e susumetsoa haholo-holo ke lintlha tse ngata tse kang ntlafatso ea maemo a moruo a ka hare ho naha le a machaba, ho ntlafatsa tikoloho ea maano, le ho khothaletsoa ha mekhoa e mecha ea theknoloji.
(1) Ntlha ea pele, boemo ba moruo ba lehae bo tsitsitse ebile boa ntlafala, bo fana ka tšehetso e matla ea tlhokahalo bakeng sa 'maraka oa likoloi tsa khoebo.Ho ea ka lintlha tse tsoang ho Shangpu Consulting Group, halofo ea pele ea 2023, lihlahisoa tsa naha tsa Chaena (GDP) li eketsehile ka 8.1% selemo le selemo, ho feta boemo ba 6.1% bakeng sa selemo kaofela sa 2022. Har'a bona, indasteri ea thuto e phahameng e ile ea hola ka 9.5% mme ya nyehela ka 60.5% ho kgolo ya GDP, ya eba yona matla a kgannang kgolo ya moruo.Liindasteri tsa lipalangoang, tsa polokelo ea thepa le tsa poso li bone kholo ea selemo le selemo ea 10.8%, liperesente tse 1.3 li phahame ho feta boemo bo tloaelehileng ba indasteri ea thuto e phahameng.Lintlha tsena li bonts'a hore moruo oa China o hlaphohetsoe litlamorao tsa seoa sena mme o kene mohatong oa nts'etsopele ea boleng bo holimo.Ka ho hlaphoheloa le ho atolosoa ha mesebetsi ea moruo, tlhokahalo ea likoloi tsa khoebo ho thepa le lipalangoang tsa bapalami le eona e eketsehile.
(2) Taba ea bobeli, tikoloho ea maano e loketse kholo e tsitsitseng ea 'maraka oa likoloi tsa khoebo, haholo-holo masimong a matla a macha le bohlale.2023 e tshwaya qalo ya Moralo wa Dilemo tse Hlano tsa bo-14 le qalo ya leeto le letjha la ho aha naha ya sejwalejwale ya bososhiale ka mekgwa yohle.Boemong bona, mebuso e bohareng le ea libaka e hlahisitse ka tatellano letoto la maano le mehato ea ho tsitsisa kholo, ho khothaletsa tšebeliso, ho netefatsa ho hiroa, le ho tsoela batho molemo maphelong a bona, ho kenya matla 'marakeng oa likoloi tsa khoebo.Ka mohlala, Tsebiso mabapi le ho Tiisa ho Tsoela Pele le ho Atolosa Tšebeliso ea Likoloi e sisinya mehato e mengata e kang ho tšehetsa nts'etsopele ea likoloi tse ncha tsa motlakase, ho khothaletsa lipalangoang tsa likoloi tsa khale, le ho ntlafatsa kaho ea litšebeletso;Maikutlo a Tataisang mabapi le Ho Potlakisa Nts'etsopele ea Likoloi Tse Bohlale tse Hokahantsoeng li sisinya mesebetsi e mengata e kang ho potlakisa ntlafatso ea theknoloji ea likoloi tse hoketsoeng tse bohlale, ho matlafatsa kaho ea litsamaiso tse bohlale tse hoketsoeng tsa likoloi, le ho potlakisa ts'ebeliso ea liindasteri ea likoloi tse bohlale tse hoketsoeng.Melaoana ena ha e fane feela ka botsitso bo akaretsang ba 'maraka oa likoloi tsa khoebo, empa hape e thusa ho katleho le nts'etsopele mafapheng a matla a macha le bohlale.
(3) Qetellong, boqapi ba theknoloji bo tlisitse lintlha tse ncha tsa kholo 'marakeng oa likoloi tsa khoebo, haholo-holo masimong a matla a macha le bohlale.Ka 2023, indasteri ea likoloi tsa khoebo e entse tsoelo-pele e kholo le katleho e kholo matleng a macha le bohlale.Ho ea ka datha e tsoang ho Shangpu Consulting Group, halofo ea pele ea 2023, 'maraka o mocha oa likoloi tsa khoebo o rekisitse kakaretso ea likoloi tse 412000, keketseho ea selemo le selemo ea 146.5%, e ikarabellang bakeng sa 20.8% ea mmaraka oa likoloi tsa khoebo le ho fihla sehlohlolong sa nalane.Har'a bona, ho ile ha rekisoa literaka tse ncha tse 42000 tsa matla a matla, keketseho ea selemo le selemo ea 121.1%;Litheko tse akaretsang tsa literaka tse ncha tsa motlakase li fihlile ho li-unit tsa 346000, keketseho ea selemo le selemo ea 153.9%.Lithekiso tse akaretsang tsa libese tse ncha tsa matla li fihlile ho li-unit tsa 24000, keketseho ea selemo le selemo ea 63.6%.Lintlha tsena li bonts'a hore likoloi tse ncha tsa khoebo ea matla li kene nakong ea katoloso e felletseng e shebaneng le 'maraka, e tlisang mohato o mocha oa nts'etsopele le kholo.Mabapi le bohlale, halofo ea pele ea 2023, kakaretso ea 78000 L1 le likoloi tse bohlale tse amanang le khoebo li ile tsa rekisoa, keketseho ea selemo le selemo ea 78.6%, e ikarabellang bakeng sa 3.9% ea 'maraka oa likoloi tsa khoebo.Har'a bona, likoloi tsa khoebo tse bohlale tse amanang le L1 li rekisitse li-unit tsa 74000, keketseho ea selemo le selemo ea 77.9%;Likoloi tsa khoebo tse bohlale tse hokahantsoeng tsa L2 li rekisitse li-unit tse 3800, keketseho ea selemo le selemo ea 87.5%;L3 kapa likoloi tse bohlale tse hokahaneng tsa khoebo li rekisitse kakaretso ea likoloi tse 200.Lintlha tsena li bonts'a hore likoloi tse bohlale tse hokahaneng tsa khoebo li se li fihlile boemong ba tlhahiso e ngata mme li sebelisitsoe maemong a mang.
Ka bokhutšoanyane, halofo ea pele ea 2023, indasteri ea likoloi tsa khoebo e bontšitse mokhoa oa ho hōla o hlaphoheloa tlas'a tšusumetso ea lintlha tse ngata tse kang maemo a moruo a lehae le a machaba, tikoloho ea maano le mekhoa e mecha ea theknoloji.Haholo-holo litabeng tsa matla a macha le bohlale, e fetohile matla a ka sehloohong a ho khanna le ho totobatsa tsoelo-pele ea indasteri ea likoloi tsa khoebo.
2. Boemong ba mmaraka o arotsoeng: Literaka tse boima le literaka tse bobebe li etella pele kholong ea 'maraka, ha 'maraka oa likoloi tsa baeti o ntse o hlaphoheloa butle-butle.
Karolong ea pele ea 2023, ts'ebetso ea mebaraka e arohaneng e na le litšobotsi tsa eona.Ho tsoa ho data, literaka tse boima le literaka tse bobebe li etella pele kholong ea 'maraka, ha 'maraka oa likoloi tsa baeti o ntse o hlaphoheloa butle-butle.
(1)Literaka tse boima: E susumetsoa ke tlhokahalo ea matsete a litšebeletso tsa motheo, thepa le lipalangoang, 'maraka oa literaka tse boima o bolokile boemo bo phahameng ba ts'ebetso.Ho ea ka lintlha tse tsoang ho Shangpu Consulting Group, halofo ea pele ea 2023, tlhahiso le thekiso ea literaka tse boima li fihlile ho 834000 le 856000, ka ho latellana, ka kholo ea selemo le selemo ea 23.5% le 24.7%, e phahameng ho feta kholo ea kakaretso. sekhahla sa likoloi tsa khoebo.Har'a bona, tlhahiso le thekiso ea likoloi tsa terekere li fihlile ho 488000 le li-unit tsa 499000, ka ho latellana, ka kholo ea selemo le selemo ea 21.8% le 22,8%, e leng 58,6% le 58,3% ea palo eohle ea literaka tse boima, le ho tswelapele ka ho tshoara boemo bo boholo.Tlhahiso le thekiso ea literaka tsa lithōle li fihlile ho 245000 le li-unit tsa 250000 ka ho latellana, ka kholo ea selemo le selemo ea 28% le 29%, e leng karolo ea 29.4% le 29.2% ea palo eohle ea literaka tse boima, tse bontšang lebelo le matla la ho hōla.Tlhahiso le thekiso ea literaka li fihlile ho 101000 le li-unit tsa 107000 ka ho latellana, ka kholo ea selemo le selemo ea 14.4% le 15.7%, e leng karolo ea 12.1% le 12,5% ea palo eohle ea literaka tse boima, ho boloka khōlo e tsitsitseng.Ho latela sebopeho sa 'maraka,' maraka oa literaka tse boima o fana ka litšobotsi tse kang tsa maemo a holimo, a matala le a bohlale.Mabapi le lipalangoang tsa maemo a holimo, ka tlhokahalo e ntseng e eketseha ea boits'oaro, motho ka mong, le katleho ea lipalangoang tsa thepa, litlhoko tsa boleng ba sehlahisoa, ts'ebetso, boiketlo le likarolo tse ling tsa 'maraka oa literaka tse boima le tsona li ntse li eketseha.Lihlahisoa tse phahameng le lihlahisoa li ratoa ke basebelisi ba bangata.Karolong ea pele ea 2023, karolo ea lihlahisoa tse theko e ka holimo ho li-yuan tse 300000 'marakeng oa literaka tse boima li fihlile ho 32.6%, e leng keketseho ea karolo ea 3.2 lekholong selemo le selemo.Mabapi le botala, ka ho matlafatsoa ho tsoelang pele ha litlhoko tsa naha tsa ts'ireletso ea tikoloho, tlhokahalo ea paballo ea matla, phokotso ea mosi, matla a macha, le likarolo tse ling 'marakeng oa literaka tse boima le tsona lia eketseha,' me literaka tse nang le matla a macha li fetohile. ntlha e ncha ea 'maraka.Karolong ea pele ea 2023, literaka tse ncha tse nang le matla a matla li rekisitse kakaretso ea li-unit tse 42000, keketseho ea selemo le selemo ea 121.1%, e leng karolo ea 4.9% ea palo eohle ea literaka tse boima, selemo le selemo. keketseho ea selemo ea lintlha tse 2.1 lekholong.Mabapi le bohlale, ka boqapi bo tsoelang pele le ts'ebeliso ea theknoloji e hokahaneng e bohlale, tlhoko ea polokeho, boiketlo le katleho 'marakeng oa literaka tse boima le eona e ntse e eketseha khafetsa.Literaka tse bohlale tse hokahantsoeng tsa mosebetsi o boima li fetohile mokhoa o mocha 'marakeng.Karolong ea pele ea 2023, ho ile ha rekisoa kakaretso ea 56000 L1 le literaka tse tsamaeang ka bohlale tse hokahaneng, e leng keketseho ea 82.1% selemo le selemo, e leng karolo ea 6.5% ea palo eohle ea literaka tse boima. keketseho ea karolo ea 2.3 lekholong selemo le selemo.
(2)Literaka tsa mosebetsi o bobebe: E tsamaisoa ke tlhokahalo e tsoang ho thepa ea e-commerce, tšebeliso ea mahaeng le lintlha tse ling, 'maraka oa literaka tsa mosebetsi o bobebe o bolokile kholo e potlakileng.Ho latela lintlha tse tsoang ho Shangpu Consulting Group, halofo ea pele ea 2023, tlhahiso le thekiso ea literaka tse bobebe li fihlile ho limilione tse 1.648 le limilione tse 1.669, ka ho latellana, ka kholo ea selemo le selemo ea 28.6% le 29.8%, e phahame haholo ho feta kakaretso ea kakaretso. sekhahla sa kholo ea likoloi tsa khoebo.Har'a bona, tlhahiso le thekiso ea literaka tse bobebe li fihlile ho 387000 le 395000, ka ho latellana, ka kholo ea selemo le selemo ea 23,8% le 24,9%, e leng karolo ea 23,5% le 23,7% ea palo eohle ea literaka tse khanyang le tse nyenyane;Tlhahiso le thekiso ea literaka tse nyane li fihlile ho limilione tse 1.261 le limilione tse 1.274 ka ho latellana, ka kholo ea selemo le selemo ea 30% le 31.2%, e etsang 76.5% le 76.3% ea palo eohle ea literaka tse bobebe le tse nyenyane.Ho latela sebopeho sa 'maraka,' maraka oa literaka tse bobebe o fana ka litšobotsi tse kang mefuta-futa, phapang le matla a macha.Mabapi le mefuta-futa, ka ho hlaha le nts'etsopele ea litlhoko tse fapaneng tse kang lisebelisoa tsa e-commerce, tšebeliso ea mahaeng le kabo ea litoropo, tlhokahalo ea mefuta ea lihlahisoa, mesebetsi, liforomo le likarolo tse ling 'marakeng oa literaka tse bobebe e se e fapane le ho feta. 'me lihlahisoa tsa literaka tse bobebe li boetse li fapane le tse mebala-bala.Halofo ea pele ea 2023, 'marakeng oa literaka tse bobebe, ntle le mefuta ea setso e kang likoloi tsa mabokose, li-flatbed le literaka tsa ho lahla, ho ne ho boetse ho e-na le mefuta e khethehileng ea lihlahisoa tse kang ketane e batang, ho fana ka maikutlo le lihlahisoa tsa bongaka.Mefuta ena e khethehileng ea lihlahisoa e ne e le 8.7%, e leng keketseho ea karolo ea 2.5 lekholong selemo le selemo.Mabapi le karohano, ka ho matlafala ha tlholisano 'marakeng oa literaka tse bobebe, lik'hamphani tsa literaka tse bobebe le tsona li ela hloko karohano ea lihlahisoa le botho ho fihlela litlhoko le likhetho tsa basebelisi ba fapaneng.Karolong ea pele ea 2023, karolo ea lihlahisoa tse nang le litšobotsi tse fapaneng haholo 'marakeng oa literaka tse bobebe li fihlile ho 12.4%, e leng keketseho ea liperesente tse 3.1 selemo le selemo.Mabapi le matla a macha, ka tsoelo-pele e tsoelang pele ea theknoloji e ncha ea matla le phokotso e tsoelang pele ea litšenyehelo, tlhokahalo ea lihlahisoa tse ncha tsa matla 'marakeng oa literaka tse bobebe le eona e ntse e eketseha,' me literaka tse ncha tsa matla li fetohile matla a macha a ho khanna 'maraka. .Halofo ea pele ea 2023, ho ile ha rekisoa literaka tse macha tsa motlakase tse 346000, keketseho ea 153.9% selemo le selemo, e leng karolo ea 20.7% ea palo eohle ea literaka tse bobebe le tse nyane, keketseho ea liperesente tse 9.8 selemo le selemo. selemo.
(3) Bese: Ka lebaka la lintlha tse joalo ka ho fokotseha butle butle ha phello ea seoa le ho hlaphoheloa butle-butle ha tlhoko ea bohahlauli, 'maraka oa libese o ntse o hlaphoheloa butle-butle.Ho ea ka lintlha tse tsoang ho Shangpu Consulting Group, halofo ea pele ea 2023, tlhahiso le thekiso ea likoloi tsa baeti li fihlile ho 141000 le li-unit tsa 145000, ka ho latellana, ka kholo ea selemo le selemo ea 2.1% le 2.8%, e leng tlase ho feta kakaretso. sekhahla sa kholo ea likoloi tsa khoebo, empa e tsoetse pele ho bapisoa le selemo se felletseng sa 2022. Har'a bona, tlhahiso le thekiso ea likoloi tse kholo tsa bapalami li fihlile ho 28000 le li-unit tsa 29000 ka ho latellana, ho fokotseha ha selemo le selemo ho 5.1% le 4.6%, accounting. bakeng sa 19.8% le 20% ea palo eohle ea likoloi tsa baeti;Tlhahiso le thekiso ea likoloi tsa bapalami tse mahareng li fihlile ho 37000 le 38000 diyuniti ka ho latellana, ho fokotseha ha selemo le selemo ka 0.5% le 0.3%, e leng karolo ea 26.2% le 26.4% ea kakaretso ea koloi ea bapalami;Tlhahiso le thekiso ea libese tse bobebe li fihlile ho 76000 le li-unit tsa 78000 ka ho latellana, ka kholo ea selemo le selemo ea 6.7% le 7.4%, e leng karolo ea 53.9% le 53.6% ea palo eohle ea libese.Ho latela sebopeho sa 'maraka,' maraka oa likoloi tsa baeti o fana ka litšobotsi tse kang maemo a holimo, matla a macha le bohlale.Mabapi le nts'etsopele ea maemo a holimo, ka litlhoko tse ntseng li eketseha tsa boleng, ts'ebetso, le boiketlo ba likoloi tsa baeti libakeng tse kang bohahlauli le lipalangoang tsa sechaba, lihlahisoa tsa boleng bo holimo le lihlahisoa li ratoa ke basebelisi ba bangata.Karolong ea pele ea 2023, karolo ea lihlahisoa tse rekoang ka holimo ho li-yuan tse 500000 'marakeng oa likoloi tsa baeti e fihlile ho 18.2%, e leng keketseho ea liperesente tse 2.7 selemo le selemo.Mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea matla a macha, ka ts'ehetso le khothatso ea maano a naha mabapi le paballo ea matla, phokotso ea tlhahiso, maeto a tala, le likarolo tse ling, tlhoko ea lihlahisoa tse ncha tsa matla 'marakeng oa likoloi tsa bapalami le eona e ntse e eketseha khafetsa, le likoloi tse ncha tsa baeti. li fetohile ntlha e ncha ea 'maraka.Karolong ea pele ea 2023, libese tse ncha tsa matla li rekisitse kakaretso ea li-unit tsa 24000, keketseho ea 63.6% selemo le selemo, e leng karolo ea 16.5% ea palo eohle ea libese, keketseho ea karolo ea 6 lekholong selemo le selemo. .Mabapi le bohlale, ka boqapi bo tsoelang pele le ts'ebeliso ea mahlale a hokahaneng a bohlale, tlhoko ea polokeho, boiketlo le katleho 'marakeng oa likoloi tsa bapalami le eona e ntse e eketseha khafetsa.Likoloi tsa baeti tse bohlale tse hokahantsoeng li fetohile mokhoa o mocha 'marakeng.Karolong ea pele ea 2023, thekiso ea libese tse bohlale tse hokahaneng ka holimo ho L1 e fihlile ho 22000, keketseho ea selemo le selemo ea 72,7%, e leng karolo ea 15.1% ea palo eohle ea libese, keketseho ea karolo ea 5.4 lekholong.
Ka kakaretso, halofo ea pele ea 2023, ts'ebetso ea mebaraka e arohaneng e na le litšobotsi tsa eona.Literaka tse boima le literaka tse bobebe li etella pele kholong ea 'maraka, ha 'maraka oa likoloi tsa baeti o ntse o hlaphoheloa butle-butle.Ho latela sebopeho sa 'maraka, mebaraka e arohaneng e bonts'a litšobotsi tse kang maemo a holimo, matla a macha le bohlale.
3, Qetello le tlhahiso: Indasteri ea likoloi tsa khoebo e tobane le menyetla ea kholo ea tsosoloso, empa e boetse e tobane le mathata a mangata le litlhoko tsa ho matlafatsa boqapi le tšebelisano.
Karolong ea pele ea 2023, indasteri ea likoloi tsa khoebo e ile ea putlama ka 2022 mme ea tobana le menyetla ea kholo ea ho hlaphoheloa.Ho latela pono e kholo, indasteri ea likoloi tsa khoebo e holile ka 15%, ka matla a macha le bohlale bo fetohileng matla a nts'etsopele;Ho ea ka pono ea limmaraka tse arohaneng, literaka tse boima le literaka tse bobebe li etella pele kholong ea 'maraka, ha 'maraka oa likoloi tsa baeti o ntse o hlaphoheloa butle-butle;Ho ea ka pono ea khoebo, lik'hamphani tsa likoloi tsa khoebo li tobane le tlholisano e matla, ka phapang le boqapi e fetoha tlholisano ea bona ea mantlha.Lintlha tsena le liketsahalo li bontša hore indasteri ea likoloi tsa khoebo e tsoile moriting oa seoa sena 'me e kene sethaleng se secha sa tsoelo-pele.
Leha ho le joalo, indasteri ea likoloi tsa khoebo le eona e tobane le mathata a mangata le lipelaelo.Ka lehlakoreng le leng, maemo a moruo a lehae le a machaba a ntse a rarahane ’me a lula a fetoha, ho sa ntse ho e-na le tsela e telele e lokelang ho etsoa bakeng sa thibelo le taolo ea seoa, ’me likhohlano tsa khoebo li ntse li etsahala nako le nako.Lintlha tsena li ka ba le litlamorao tse mpe 'marakeng oa likoloi tsa khoebo.Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho boetse ho na le mathata le likhohlano ka har'a indasteri ea likoloi tsa khoebo.Ka mohlala, le hoja tšimo ea matla a macha le bohlale bo ntse bo tsoela pele ka potlako, ho boetse ho na le mathata a kang tšitiso ea theknoloji, ho haella ha litekanyetso, likotsi tsa tšireletso le lisebelisoa tse sa lekaneng tsa motheo;Le hoja 'maraka oa likoloi tsa baeti o ntse o hlaphoheloa butle-butle, o boetse o tobane le khatello e kang ho fetola sebopeho, ntlafatso ea lihlahisoa le phetoho ea tšebeliso;Leha likhoebo tsa likoloi tsa khoebo li tobane le tlholisano e matla, li boetse li tobana le mathata a kang homogenization, ts'ebetso e tlase, le matla a tlhahiso a feteletseng.
Ka hona, maemong a hajoale, indasteri ea likoloi tsa khoebo e hloka ho matlafatsa boqapi le tšebelisano 'moho ho rarolla mathata le lipelaelo.Ka ho khetheha, ho na le litlhahiso tse 'maloa:
(1) Matlafatsa boqapi ba theknoloji, ntlafatsa boleng ba sehlahisoa le ts'ebetso.Boqapi ba theknoloji ke matla a mantlha a ho khanna le tlholisano ea mantlha ea nts'etsopele ea indasteri ea likoloi tsa khoebo.Indasteri ea likoloi tsa khoebo e lokela ho eketsa matsete lipatlisisong tsa theknoloji le nts'etsopele, ho phunyeletsa litheknoloji tsa mantlha tsa mantlha, 'me e hatele pele le ho feta ho matla a macha, bohlale, boima bo bobebe, polokeho le likarolo tse ling.Ka nako e ts'oanang, indasteri ea likoloi tsa khoebo e lokela ho ntlafatsa boleng ba sehlahisoa le ts'ebetso, ho fana ka lihlahisoa le lits'ebeletso tsa boleng bo holimo, tse sebetsang hantle le tse mabothobotho ha li ntse li fihlela litlhoko tsa basebelisi, le ho ntlafatsa khotsofalo le botšepehi ba basebelisi.
(2) Matlafatsa kaho e tloaelehileng, ho khothaletsa maemo a indasteri le nts'etsopele e hokahaneng.Kaho e tloaelehileng ke tiisetso ea mantlha le karolo e etelletseng pele bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea indasteri ea likoloi tsa khoebo.Indasteri ea likoloi tsa khoebo e lokela ho matlafatsa kaho ea litsamaiso tse tloaelehileng, ho theha le ho ntlafatsa litekanyetso tsa tekheniki, maemo a polokeho, maemo a ts'ireletso ea tikoloho, litekanyetso tsa boleng, joalo-joalo tse tsamaellanang le maemo a machabeng, le ho fana ka litekanyetso tse kopaneng le litlhoko tsa lipatlisiso le nts'etsopele, tlhahiso, thekiso, tšebeliso, recycle, le likarolo tse ling tsa lihlahisoa tsa khoebo tsa likoloi.Ka nako e ts'oanang, indasteri ea likoloi tsa khoebo e lokela ho matlafatsa ts'ebetsong le taolo ea litekanyetso, ho khothaletsa maemo a indasteri le nts'etsopele e hokahaneng, le ho ntlafatsa maemo a kakaretso le tlholisano ea indasteri.
(3) Matlafatsa kaho ea meaho le ho ntlafatsa tikoloho ea ts'ebetso le litšebeletso bakeng sa likoloi tsa khoebo.Kaho ea meaho ke ts'ehetso le tiisetso ea bohlokoa bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea indasteri ea likoloi tsa khoebo.Indasteri ea likoloi tsa khoebo e lokela ho matlafatsa puisano le tšebelisano 'moho le mafapha le liindasteri tse amehang, e khothaletse kaho le ntlafatso ea meaho joalo ka liteishene tse ncha tsa ho tjhaja likoloi tsa motlakase, marang-rang a bohlale a hokahaneng a makoloi, le libaka tsa ho paka likoloi tsa khoebo, le ho fana ka boiketlo le tiisetso bakeng sa ts'ebetso. le tšebeletso ea likoloi tsa khoebo.Ka nako e ts'oanang, indasteri ea likoloi tsa khoebo e lokela ho matlafatsa puisano le tšebelisano 'moho le mafapha le liindasteri tse amehang, e khothaletse kaho le ntlafatso ea meaho joalo ka liteishene tsa lipalangoang tsa likoloi tsa khoebo, litsi tsa phepelo ea thepa, le liteishene tsa bapalami, le ho fana ka tikoloho e sebetsang hantle le e bolokehileng bakeng sa. sepalangoang le leeto la makoloi a khoebo.
(4) Matlafatsa tšebelisano 'moho le ho holisa lits'ebetso le lits'ebeletso tsa makoloi a khoebo.Tšebelisano 'marakeng ke mokhoa oa bohlokoa le mokhoa oa ho nts'etsapele indasteri ea likoloi tsa khoebo.Indasteri ea likoloi tsa khoebo e lokela ho matlafatsa puisano le tšebelisano-mmoho le mafapha le liindasteri tse amehang, e khothaletse ts'ebeliso e atileng le lits'ebeletso tsa makoloi a khoebo lipalangoang tsa sechaba, bohahlauli, thepa, lipalangoang tse khethehileng, le mafapha a mang, le ho fana ka tšehetso e matla bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea sechaba le moruo.Ka nako e ts'oanang, indasteri ea likoloi tsa khoebo e lokela ho matlafatsa puisano le tšebelisano 'moho le mafapha le liindasteri tse amehang, ho khothalletsa mekhoa e mecha le litšebeletso tsa likoloi tsa khoebo ka matla a macha, bohlale, ho arolelana le likarolo tse ling, le ho fana ka lipatlisiso tse molemo bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa bophelo ba sechaba.
Ka bokhutšoanyane, indasteri ea likoloi tsa khoebo e tobane le menyetla ea kholo ea tsosoloso, empa e boetse e tobane le mathata a mangata.Indasteri ea likoloi tsa khoebo e hloka ho matlafatsa boqapi le tšebelisano-'moho ho rarolla mathata le lipelaelo le ho fihlela nts'etsopele ea boleng bo holimo.
Nako ea poso: Nov-24-2023
